Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a condition characterized by a group of disorders that occur when there is compression, irritation, or injury to the blood vessels, nerves, or both, in the thoracic outlet. The thoracic outlet is the space between the collarbone (clavicle) and the first rib, through which major blood vessels and nerves pass from the chest to the arms.
TOS can manifest in three main types, each affecting different structures in the thoracic outlet:
1. **Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (NTOS)**:
This is the most common type of TOS, and it involves compression or irritation of the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that extend from the neck and shoulder into the arm. Symptoms often include pain, weakness, and numbness in the arm and hand.
2. **Vascular Thoracic Outlet Syndrome**:
This type of TOS involves compression or blockage of the blood vessels (arteries or veins) in the thoracic outlet. It can cause symptoms such as swelling, discoloration, and pain in the arm and hand, especially during certain arm movements or positions.
3. **Nonspecific or Disputed Thoracic Outlet Syndrome**:
This type of TOS involves symptoms that do not fit clearly into either the neurogenic or vascular categories. The symptoms may include a combination of pain, weakness, and numbness.
Common symptoms of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome may include:
– Pain in the neck, shoulders, and arms.
– Numbness or tingling in the fingers or hands.
– Weakness in the arm or hand.
– Cold or discolored fingers or hands.
– Arm fatigue with activity.
– Difficulty or pain when raising the arm or reaching overhead.
The causes of TOS can vary and may include trauma, anatomical abnormalities (e.g., extra ribs), poor posture, muscle imbalances, repetitive movements, or growths in the thoracic outlet.
Treatment for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome may include physical therapy, exercises to strengthen and stretch the affected area, postural training, pain management, and in severe cases, surgery to relieve the compression on nerves or blood vessels. It’s important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment based on the specific type and severity of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.